Computer Languages
Computer
Language is a language which used in communication with computer.
Machine
Language
o
Machine language is a system of
instructions and data executed directly by processor.
o
Also known as Machine code or
Object code.
o
Known as First generation
language and Belongs to category of Low Level Language.
o
Machine Language is a computer
language that is directly executable by a computer without the need for
translation by a compiler or an assembler.
Machine language is the only language that can
be understood by computer and are almost impossible for humans to use because
they consist entirely of numbers.
Limitations
- It’s
difficult to understand and remember the various combinations of 0’s and
1’s representing data and instructions.
- Since every machine has its own
machine language, the user cannot communicate with other computers.
Advantages
- Most efficient in terms of storage area use.
- Most efficient in terms of execution speed
- Allows programmer to utilize the computer's potential for
processing data.
- No need of Interpreter, Compiler or Assembler.
Assembly/Symbolic Language
o Assembly
language is a language where 0’1 and 1’s of machine language are replaced with
some mnemonic codes or abbreviations.
o Known as Second generation
language and Belongs to category of Low Level Language.
o Assembly Language contains the source code of programs is composed
of mnemonic instructions, each of which corresponds directly to a machine
instruction for a particular processor.
o
It
implements a symbolic representation of the binary machine
codes and other constants needed to program a given CPU architecture.
o The
mnemonic code is called the operation code or opcode, which specifies the
operation to be performed on the given data.
o Example
opcodes are MOV, LDA, CMA, INC, ADD, STA, HLT, SUB, DIF, END etc.
o An Assembler is a utility
program that takes basic computer instructions in Assembly Language and
converts them into a pattern of bits i.e. Machine Language (binary digits) that
the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations.
o
Source code and object code
refer to the "before" and "after" versions of a computer program
that is compiled before it is ready to run in a computer.
Advantages
1.
We
can identify syntax errors and debug easily.
2.
It’s
easier to develop computer application in comparison to machine language.
High-level languages
o
High-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the
computer.
o High-level language isolates the execution
semantics of computer architecture from the specification of the program.
o
High-level
language refers to the higher level of abstraction from machine language.
o
Rather
than dealing with registers, memory addresses and call stacks, high-level
languages deal with variables, arrays, objects, complex
arithmetic or Boolean expressions, subroutines and functions, loops, threads, locks, and other abstract
computer science concepts, with a focus on usability
over optimal program efficiency.
Advantages
- User-friendly
- Simpler and understandable with
respect to a low-level language.
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