Computer Languages

Computer Languages

            Computer Language is a language which used in communication with computer.

Machine Language

o   Machine language is collection of binary digits (0,1) that the computer reads and interprets.
o   Machine language is a system of instructions and data executed directly by processor.
o   Also known as Machine code or Object code.
o   Known as First generation language and Belongs to category of Low Level Language.
o   Machine Language is a computer language that is directly executable by a computer without the need for translation by a compiler or an assembler.
Machine language is the only language that can be understood by computer and are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers.


Limitations

  1. It’s difficult to understand and remember the various combinations of 0’s and 1’s representing data and instructions.
  2. Since every machine has its own machine language, the user cannot communicate with other computers.

Advantages
  1. Most efficient in terms of storage area use.
  2. Most efficient in terms of execution speed
  3. Allows programmer to utilize the computer's potential for processing data.
  4. No need of Interpreter, Compiler or Assembler.
Assembly/Symbolic Language

o    Assembly language is a language where 0’1 and 1’s of machine language are replaced with some mnemonic codes or abbreviations.
o      Known as Second generation language and Belongs to category of Low Level Language.
o  Assembly Language contains the source code of programs is composed of mnemonic instructions, each of which corresponds directly to a machine instruction for a particular processor.
o   It implements a symbolic representation of the binary machine codes and other constants needed to program a given CPU architecture.
o     The mnemonic code is called the operation code or opcode, which specifies the operation to be performed on the given data.
o        Example opcodes are MOV, LDA, CMA, INC, ADD, STA, HLT, SUB, DIF, END etc.
o  An Assembler is a utility program that takes basic computer instructions in Assembly Language and converts them into a pattern of bits i.e. Machine Language (binary digits) that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations.
o   Source code and object code refer to the "before" and "after" versions of a computer program that is compiled before it is ready to run in a computer.

Advantages

1.     We can identify syntax errors and debug easily.
2.     It’s easier to develop computer application in comparison to machine language.

High-level languages
           
o   High-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer.
o   High-level language isolates the execution semantics of computer architecture from the specification of the program.
o   High-level language refers to the higher level of abstraction from machine language.
o   Rather than dealing with registers, memory addresses and call stacks, high-level languages deal with variables, arrays, objects, complex arithmetic or Boolean expressions, subroutines and functions, loops, threads, locks, and other abstract computer science concepts, with a focus on usability over optimal program efficiency.

Advantages


  1. User-friendly
  2. Simpler and understandable with respect to a low-level language.

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